無(wú)線系統(tǒng)的控制回路挑戰(zhàn)

　　本文討論了用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)控制環(huán)路的挑戰(zhàn)。它著眼于不同的封閉和開放控制回路架構(gòu)和能夠支持它們的無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議的延遲要求。

　　雖然可以使用Wi-Fi與嵌入式模塊如Microchip的mrf24wb0mb，最近的協(xié)議如isa100a和WirelessHART?目的無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)提供集中的支持控制回路。設(shè)備如Atmel的at86rf231，恩智浦JN5148和Silicon Labs的em357已經(jīng)支持IEEE802.15.4 Zigbee標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以用來(lái)支持這些協(xié)議和嚴(yán)格控制回路定制版本。

　　不同于傳統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)，在傳感器、執(zhí)行器和集中控制器之間有專用的同軸電纜，采用無(wú)線通信的控制系統(tǒng)需要傳感器和控制器共享用于通信的公共無(wú)線介質(zhì)。當(dāng)閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)使用公共通信系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的質(zhì)量是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)性能的重要部分。許多系統(tǒng)中不重要的時(shí)間延遲可能成為實(shí)時(shí)閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)中的關(guān)鍵。

　　The problem is that traditional short-range wireless network standards such as IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi and IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee do not consider packets according to their delay deadlines and treat the packets all the same regardless of these requirements. This presents a major issue for a closed loop control system where the data from the sensors is used to control the actuators that influence the process. Delays in the data can lead to negative reinforcement so that a process can run away rather than be kept within close limits.

　　This is different from an open loop system where the data is fed back to a central controller， analyzed with changes made in the order of seconds or even minutes. This is used for slowly changing processes or situations where the process falls outside its limits and can easily be brought back or the process terminated.